The Tennis Serve Essays - Anatomical Terms Of Motion, Elbow, Serve

The Tennis Serve Essays - Anatomical Terms Of Motion, Elbow, Serve The Tennis Serve The tennis serve is the stroke that places the ball in play and is frequently alluded to as the most significant stroke in the sport of tennis. It has become a guideline weapon of assault and is utilized to put the adversary on edge by driving an arrival from the frail side or by moving the beneficiary out of position. A decent solid serve can in some cases be the premise of dominating a match of tennis. I have included eight picture groupings to delineate the tennis serve. Spoken to in picture An is the position of the serve. In this piece of the serve, the individual needs to take a position sideways to the net, around three or four feet to the correct focus mark behind the standard. The left foot is a few crawls behind the line, the toes highlighting the net post. The back foot is corresponding to the gauge and spread similarly from the front. Pictures B and C speak to the arrangement stage. In these photos, the execution of the ball hurl is performed. The ball hurl is the way in to a first rate serve: a decent discharge reliably puts the ball in the best possible hitting position. A poor discharge can lose timing and at last reason an awful serve. In pictures D-F the activity stage is spoken to. In picture D of the activity stage, the elbow arrives at a position somewhat higher than the shoulder, at that point the elbow twists and the racket head drops down behind the go into what is known as the back scratching position. In picture E, the ball ought to be at its most extreme tallness of the hurl before striking it. In picture F, the remainder of the activity stage, the development of striking the ball is dangerous in an upward and forward movement until contact Pictures G and H speak to the finish. In the finish the activity is performed up and out, not down, toward the proposed target territory. The finish is a characteristic continuation of the stroke. A decent finish will help get ready for the subsequent stage in moving toward the net for an arrival. Kinematics is characterized as the investigation of movement. It is accumulated of various substantial planes and diverse joint movements. In the start of the serve, during the position (picture A), the feet are apparently pivoted. The hips and the storage compartment are broadened. The left shoulder is marginally flexed alongside the correct shoulder and the shoulder supports are somewhat snatched. Both of the wrists are pronated with the elbows marginally flexed. During the planning (pictures B and C) the feet are still in an apparently pivoted position. The hips marginally steal with the storage compartment still in full augmentation. The shoulders are kidnapped, with slight rise of the shoulder support. The two elbows are expanded, however the correct wrist remains in a pronated position and the left wrist is supinated. During the activity (pictures D-F) the correct foot deep down pivots alongside it performing grower flexion however the left foot remains in an ostensibly turned position. The hips are adducted however then they move to snatching. The storage compartment begins in hyperextension at that point get completely stretched out and marginally pivot to one side. The two knees flex however the left knee broadens while the correct knee stays flexed. The left shoulder goes from flexion to expansion while the correct shoulder performs high corner to corner adduction. The left elbow goes from expansion to flexion and the correct elbow goes from flexion to augmentation. The left hand goes from supination to pronation while the correct hand remains in a pronated position. At long last, during the finish (pictures G and H) the left foot deep down turns alongside some grower flexion. The correct foot deep down turns and returns to a normally level position. The two hips are flexed alongside the flexion of the storage compartment and it's revolution. The left shoulder stays in an all-encompassing position yet the correct shoulder finishes the high askew adduction, while both shoulder supports perform kidnapping. The correct elbow somewhat flexes yet the left elbow broadens. The knees go from flexion indeed of flexion. The kinematics of the tennis serve is a convoluted thing, it comprise of

Internship Report free essay sample

Dear Madam, This is an extraordinary joy for me to present the Thesis paper on â€Å"Training advancement rehearses in banking area An investigation on Bangladesh perspective†. While setting up this paper, I attempted my best to adhere to the directions that you have given to me. The whole proposal depends on my hypothetical and down to earth perception of the bank. I have outfitted all the things what I have realized during the program. The paper endeavors to portray my perceptions, learning’s and encounters picked up in the distinctive Bank. In spite of the few compels, I have given my all endeavors to make this paper a total one. I will be profoundly supported on the off chance that you are sufficiently caring to get this report. Truly yours Farzana Akther STUDENT’S DECLARATION THESIS PAPER I here report that the broad examination entitled â€Å"Training advancement rehearses in banking segment: An investigation on Bangladesh perspective† (Conducted in the interest of Farzana Akther) Prepared in halfway achievement of the Requirement for the honor of the certificate Master of Business Administration From STAMFORD UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH It is my unique work and not set forward for The honor of some other degree/recognition/association Or other comparative term or respect Farzana Akther ID: MBA-04512627 CLARATION STAMFORD UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH To Whom It May Concern This is to guarantee that the internee report on â€Å"Training advancement rehearses in banking segment An examination on Bangladesh perspective† For the certificate Master of Business Administration (MBA) major in HRM from Stamford University Bangladesh completed by Farzana Akther ID: MBA-04512627 under my watch. The last express gratitude toward I might want to give Nhung, my four-year schoolmate at the college for her enthusiatic help so I can achieve this report. Official SUMMARY This report is a short portrayal of multi month intership completed as obligatory segment of Bachelor’s program at the college. In this report, I might want to introduce the fundamental data about Thang Long Technical Joint Stock Company where I had my entry level position, the work I did and the exercises I got a handle on during the temporary position just as my self-assessment on this entry level position. THE MAIN CONTENTS 1. Review OF THANG LONG TECHNICAL JOINT STOCK COMPANY AND THE FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT: 1. 1. Presentation of Thang Long Technical Joint Stock Company: Thang Long Technical Joint Stock Company, known as ThangLong Tech is a little private endeavor situated on the Floor 1, DN 2, OCT2, Zone X1, North Linh Dam, Dai Kim ward, Hoang Mai District, Hanoi. Thang Long Tech is perceived as an autonomous specialist unit by Ministry of Construction. It registers to work in the field of assessment, legal assessment everywhere throughout the nation. It gives consultancy and building specialized administrations including: - Observation of geotechnics and twisting of built structures. Examination for soil conditions for development venture and hydrogeological examination. - Inspection of the nature of the finished structure works. - Testing development material, building structures. - Consulting and doing undertakings as far as estimating and making maps. - Surveying and assessment of the effects to the earth. Thang Long Tech is likewise one of not exactly a couple of organizations which have a research center normalized and recognized by Ministry of Construction dependent on the arrangement of standard lab of Ministry of Construction of Vietnam. The Laboratory, to be specific LAS-XD33 is ensured to do the tests in the accompanying principle fields: - Soil attributes: To do tests to decide the dirt qualities - Material for development: To test the standards as far as mechanics and material science of material, for example, sand, stone, concrete, steel bar, blocks, mortar, concrete solid, black-top cement †¦ - In-situ tests: To review the nature of solid structures on the site, to do the static burden tests, to do ultra-sonic tests for exhausted heaps, to quantify the settlement of the development works, to gauge the earth resistance,†¦ - Tests on built dikes and leveled grounds nearby: To decide the thickness, to gauge in-situ CBR, to gauge the evenness and flexure of the ground The association of ThangLong Tech is quickly delineated in the accompanying graph: 1. 2. Presentation of the Finance and Personel Department: In my temporary job, I was orchestrated to work in the Finance and Personel Department. Since Thang Long Tech is a little organization, one departmant is accountable for both Finance Department and Personel Department. The previous, Finance Department is responsible for the accompanying capacities: - Keep business record of businesss exercises of the organization under the Ordinance on Accounting and Statistics of the State . Sum up business results, get ready bookkeeping and factual reports, dissect business exercises for checking the usage of the plans of the organization . - Record and reflect precisely, convenient and efficiently the organization. s capital just as credits, repayment of assets for the preparation of provisions, materials, merchandise underway - Keep track of the companys obligation , reflect and propose plan of incomes and uses with money and different types of installment, perform inward work . - Draw the asset report quarterly, yearly on time And the last mentioned, Personnel Department is accountable for the accompanying capacities: - Manage all staff’s resumes, manage methodology and systems of enlistment, arrangement, excusal, discipline, reward, retirement Oversee work, staff’ pay rates, fabricate the complete pay support, affirm the compensation allotment, consumptions of the organization and the research facility - Manage regulatory reports, papers, records and corporate seal Implementation of basic stockpiling materials and significant archives . - Develop work plans, preparation plans, gatherings - Monitor participation of representatives of the organization - Prepare the corporate limit profile 2. Portrayal OF THE INTERNSHIP: The primary seven day stretch of the temporary position was gone through on getting familliar with the working style and making aquaintance with individuals in the office. I was unable to begin working without understanding the manner in which the organization works and becoming more acquainted with about different representatives. In this manner, from the start I needed to found out about the organizations and its exercises, at that point manufacture the relationship with my associates. My absolute first errand is to watch the activity of the Finance and Accounting Department. Ordinary the organization begins working at 8. 00 A. M and completions at 12. 00 A. M. , and contines at 1 P. M. what's more, closes at 5 P. M. All specialists need to press their finger in the unique mark time participation machine when working. This time and participation framework records when representatives start and stop work, so it empowers to have a full control of all workers working hours. In this manner, infrequently did I see the staff arrive behind schedule when working there. Ms Tam, my manager consistently tells the truth the room and make tea for everybody. She is well disposed and supportive. She bolstered me without a doubt. During working hours, aside from a twenty-minute break to unwind and visit, all are consistently occupied with their missions. I saw how they functioned, what they worked and attempted to contrast and the information I had learnt at the college: the likenesses just as the distinctions. My administrator gave me the archives relating this division, for example, official despatches, agreements, vouchers, etc to peruse before doling out me a particular assignment. She additionally told me the area and the best way to store these records so I could do when they were occupied or went out for work. When having gotten official dispatch, open the observing book of got official dispatch, record the quantity of the dispatch, the date of composing the dispatch, the date of accepting the dispatch, the substance of the dispatch, and the giving offices. At that point, the dispatch is put away in record arranged by the date of receipt. As far as sent authority dispatch, right off the bat, compose a dispatch as indicated by the mentioned content, at that point highest point it to the chief for his endorsement and mark. From that point onward, open the checking book of sent authority dispatch, record the quantity of the dispatch, the date of composing the dispatch, the substance of the dispatch, and the got organizations. A duplicate of the sent dispatch is additionally put away in record arranged by the date of receipt. At long last, the dispatch is sent to the got organizations. As to monetary agreements, Contracts are drafted dependent on contract layouts. When drafting the agreement, make sure to compose completely and precisely the gathering A, the gathering B, and the agreement esteem. Since leading material test for conctruction works is one of two significant administrations of ThangLong Tech, so each agreement for the most part incorporates the assessed cost and unit cost of testing. In the wake of being drafted, the agreement is submitted to the executive for his mark. At that point it is sent to the accomplice for their endorsement and mark. In the wake of having the mark and seal of both two gatherings, the agreement is made four duplicates, each gathering keeps two. In the wake of finishing all work in the agreement, liquidation of agreement will be put away alongside the agreement. After over seven days, I was very acquainted with these archive, I was doled out to draw up certain kinds of reports dependent on layouts including citation, demand for installment. While carrying out these responsibilities, I couldn't just get an opportunity to rehearse the information on business corresspondence I have been considering this semester, yet in addition upgrade my figuring abilities. Moreover, I additionally became accustomed to playing out some fundamental office undertakings, for example, noting telephones, replicating reports, filtering papers, appending the seals, or even how to fix a printer paper jam. From the start, I carried out those responsibilities ponderously in light of the fact that they were very unusual. Yet, up to this point I did them easily and even constantly. Despite the fact that these things appear to be extremely simple and are absolutely random to my stu

Africans@MIT The Accra Experiment

Africans@MIT The Accra Experiment Emmanuel A. ‘18 is a member of my own class year (as is Pelkins A ‘18, who I covered last week) and therefore someone I’ve interacted with a lot while at MIT, from freshman orientation until now. I did not have the privilege of sharing a class with him, but we would meet at all our different community events and (of course) occasionally when working on psets at the student center. Emmanuel is also highly active in the African community at MIT, serving as Vice President of the African Students’ Association and the President of Sakata Afrique, an African dance team at MIT (trust me, he’s got some sick moves!) Emmanuel and other members of Sakata Afrique, in a photoshoot to publicize their spring show, AfroShake When I first sat down to talk to Emmanuel, that feeling of responsibility I’d observed across so many people was there again, unquestioning. “I mean, you know, giving back,” he said simply and nonchalantly, and went on to describe his ongoing project in Ghana. He also shared with me a personal anxiety: “I felt I should start something now so I can go back to Ghana sooner” he said, “once people get married or have children in the U.S., that’s it, they stay here.” While it might sound silly at first, Emmanuel was particularly moved by a documentary created by MIT alumn Arthur Musah ‘04, MEng ‘05 called Naija Beta, which details a first-generation Nigerian-American’s efforts to help his father’s community in ways his father, who ended up staying in the U.S., never could. There is a very real and powerful emotional entanglement that comes with “settling down”, so to speak, which is sometimes inevitable with time spent in the U.S. Emmanuel felt discomfort and urgency after watching the documentary, and was inspired to act quickly. Except that, initially, Emmanuel was not sure what he could do as an effective project in Ghana. He mulled over the problem for a while, keeping an open ear to the projects of other MIT community members. He was partly inspired by Bruke K. ‘19, for example, who was involved on campus in creating the [emailprotected] celebration. Hearing the practical, logistical steps of his process planning the enormous event gave Emmanuel some insight. Most importantly, it led to a key realization, which is easy to say but difficult to really believe: that a single person, including Emmanuel himself, could set in motion something great, with a widespread impact. It was then that Emmanuel began to think back to the previous year when, like many MIT students, he decided to participate in the MISTI program Global Teaching Labs (GTL). In the GTL program, MIT students can spend IAP teaching students in other countries. Emmanuel went to Israel with GTL, where he came into contact with the Ecological Greenhouse in Kibbutz Ein-Shemer. More than just a greenhouse, this organization allowed students across a wide age-range (from elementary school through high school) to participate in after-school programs where they conducted all sorts of applied science and engineering projects. Older children were guided in conducting small research projects, and learned the different skills needed for effective research. There were even some projects that taught 3D printing skills and design work, unrelated to the greenhouse or botany subjects altogether. Kibbutz Ecological Greenhouse and its programs left a strong impression on Emmanuel, who saw how it provided e ffective teaching and resources, which many Ghanaian and even American high school students didn’t have. “Every country that’s developed so far has invested heavily in research,” he said, “and I hate that our people are still dependent on others telling them about their own country.” Emmanuel understands the power of good research institutionswhich are first made by good researchers. He is also frustrated by how reams of research papers about African countries come from institutions outside the continent. Emmanuel felt strongly that this needed to changeespecially in Ghana. Education standards are certainly improving for sure, as both Ghana and the African continent grow at a breakneck pace. To handle this rapid growth, the recent emphasis in Ghanaian education is often on entrepreneurial thinking and development, like Ashesi University, whose founder quit Microsoft to build the school, and focuses heavily on entrepreneurship. “For every 3 college graduates, one should be an entrepreneur” seems to be the central principle guiding modern Ghanaian education. However, Emmanuel felt the careful process of quality research should be pushed forward, too. He felt the country couldn’t truly reach its full potential without measured scientific thinking, in addition to the emphasis on entrepreneurship. There were many things about Kibbutz Ecological Greenhouse that Emmanuel liked, from how it emphasized research to how it started kids so young. He saw the value in this. “I am a firm believer in the quote, ‘as the twig is bent, so grows the tree’. Teach small kids how to do things, and by the time they grow up they’ll be so good at it!” Spring of Emmanuel’s junior year, he started seriously working on trying to start something similar in Ghanaa research institute of sorts, for younger students. He wanted to teach students how to write papers and proposals, how to read papers, how to follow scientific methods and conduct quality research. He reached out to many people at MIT to get advicefrom Professor Hazel Sive, an incredible woman who leads the MIT-Africa initiative, to Professor Dennis Freeman, the Dean of Undergraduate Education at MIT. He scrambled to find funding to go and start partnerships in Ghana, finally securing a travel grant from the Public Service Center. This past January, Emmanuel’s Senior IAP, he found himself in Accra with a vague plan and a lot of running around to do. Some of his early partners helped tremendously, like Mawuenyega Dogoe, the Director of MISE Ghana, a youth research initiative focused on math that also supports the Ghanaian branch of International Math Olympiad. Mr. Dogoe became a huge resource to Emmanuel, and mentored him during his time in Ghana purely out of enthusiasm for the project. Other community partnerships fell through, like an attempt to connect with the University of Ghana’s Office of Research Innovation and Development (ORID), where the liability involved in teaching minors became a significant obstacle. So, unsure of where else to turn, Emmanuel followed the advice of Mr. Dogoe to reach out to a faculty member at the University of Ghana Legon, Dr. Elsie Effah Kaufmann. Emmanuel had actually known her from a high school quiz competition he’d participated in (and surprisingly, she remembered him!) Dr. Kaufmann agreed to help Emmanuel find other cooperative instructors at the University. Through her, he also met Professor Patrick Kobina, and both faculty agreed to support his program. The newlyand somewhat suddenlyformed team planned to host 20 students over the summer, with 4 graduate student supervisors each taking on 5 high school seniors. The age was moved up slightly higher than Emmanuel originally intended, to bypass liability issues for the pilot program. On his return to MIT, Emmanuel worked to construct a curriculum centered on research methods and find speakers for the program, something he’s still working on now. Another roadblock appeared in an issue with his U.S. visa, preventing Emmanuel from traveling out of the country this summer. He worried that after all this work, he wouldn’t be able to go back to Ghana for the summer to facilitate the program. Again seeking advice from the broader African community at MIT, Emmanuel was speaking with Brook E. ‘18 of Ethiopia, who suggested sending another MIT student in his place via MISTI. And, to Emmanuel’s surprise, not one but three other MIT students expressed interest, though the MISTI office could only send one student. Part of his current work now is arranging travel and facilitating his program remotely, via a classmatea beautiful example of MIT students supporting each other. Emmanuel still wants to be involved in the summer program even though he can’t physically be there. “I’ll be Skyping in,” he assured me. Going forward, there’s still a lot to sort out, and this project is a work in progresshe wants to find ways to take on younger students, like the Greenhouse that inspired him, and build up the volume of participants. However, he’s still excited about the potential the program brings, and ready to face the challenges of this first iteration. After the long, crazy process of starting this research initiative (tentatively named the Ghana Youth Research Program) Emmanuel was most moved by how many Ghanaians were quick to help him and work with him toward these goals. “It was nice meeting people from home who were so excited, and want to help in any way they can.” A brainstorming session with Mr. Dogoe and Jessica Q. ‘20, another student that became involved in the project.   Post Tagged #African Students' Association #[emailprotected] #GTL (Global Teaching Labs) #GTL (Global Teaching Labs) #MIT-Africa Initiative #Public Service Center #Sakata Afrique

Walmart Debacle of Germany - 2078 Words

Wal-Mart in Europe Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Wal-Mart Background 2 Wal-Mart’s Culture 2 Wal-Mart’s Strategy 3 Problems/Criticism faced by Wal-Mart 3 Wal-Mart in Germany 4 Key Issue: Wal-Mart’s Failure in Germany 4 Situation Analysis 5 Porter’s 5 Forces Model 5 Wal-Mart: Germany vs. Britain 6 Challenges in Germany 7 Evaluation of Alternatives 10 Recommendations 10 Executive Summary The world economy has undergone a drastic revolution in the last three decades through globalization. This has made the world economy more efficient and competitive, by enhancing product quality, increasing the product variety and lowering price. With successful expansion in locations like Mexico and Canada, in†¦show more content†¦Key Issue: Wal-Mart’s Failure in Germany Wal-Mart’s strategy to replicate the successful U.S. formula of Everyday Low Price (EDLP) guarantee, efficient inventory control and distribution system resulted in significant cross-cultural issues with Germans consumers and suppliers. Moreover, the top management failed to anticipate the cultural differences between the German culture and the Wal-Mart culture. The key issues faced by Wal-Mart were: * Unable to recognize the German consumer behaviour and culture in comparison with US * Entry to German market by acquisition strategy * Laws and regulations – zoning and limited stores hours * Failure to deliver on its legendary â€Å"every-day low prices† and â€Å"excellent service† value proposition. * Underdeveloped supply chain relationship * Absence of local brand name * Poor relationship with suppliers Situation Analysis Porter’s 5 Forces Model Bargaining Power of Customers – Very High * German customers not accustomed to friendly atmosphere * Presence of strong German competitors * Low cost from competitors Bargaining Power of Suppliers – Very High * Poor suppliers network * Centralized distribution system not accepted by German suppliers * Suppliers with strong connection to local players * Low switching cost due to abundance of retail companies Competitive Rivalry – High * Huge competition from local players like Metro, Aldi etc. *Show MoreRelatedCase Study on Walmart681 Words   |  3 PagesUnited States, WalMart pulled the plug on its German operations and left that market with its business tail stuck between its legs. Headlined in the Times was the fact that WalMart, the worlds largest retailer, abruptly pulled out of Germany yesterday (Times, 2006). WalMart sold the 85 stores it owned and operated to a competitor writing off approximately $1 billion. This is an interesting case study in that there are a variety of reasons behind WalMarts failure in Germany; not least amongRead MoreBest Buy S Turn Around Strategy13959 Words   |  56 Pagesas the best buy.7 As Joly saw it, Best Buy had a lot of strengths on which to build, in spite of its disappointing financials. It sold far more consumer electronics than either of its largest competitors ($50 billion compared to ~$30 billion for Walmart and $14 billion for Amazon), and dominated the PC, camera, and tablet categories in terms of market share. It had state-of-the-art logistics, inventory, and support systems that enabled it to make same-day deliveries for online orders. Meanwhile,Read MoreWalmart Case Study4489 Words   |  18 PagesSeptember 30, 2005, the Company had 1,253 Wal-Mart stores, 1,876 Supercenters, 555 Sam’s Clubs and 95 Neighborhood Markets in the United States. Internationally, the Company operated units in Argentina (11), Brazil (151), Canada (261), China (49), Germany (88), South Korea (16), Mexico (730), Puerto Rico (54) and the United Kingdom (295). Executive Summary Wal-Mart has grown into one of the largest discount retail stores in the world and has proven that the type of operation that they have isRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesof a link between cochlear implants and bacterial meningitis (a potentially fatal infection of the lining of the surface of the brain). There were 43 such cases and 11 people died. There were reports that implants had been withdrawn from sale in Germany, France and Spain. On 25 July the FDA updated its warning and said it had now learned of 118 cases.12 Cochlear responded to the crisis quickly. Graeme Clark claimed that the infection was related to a design change by their competitor, Advanced BionicsRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCity CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASE STUDY I-6 H.H. Gregg’s Appliances, Inc.: Deciding on a New Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-7 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (B): Cleaning Up an Information Systems Debacle CASE STUDY II-1 Vendor-Managed Inventory at NIBCO CASE STUDY II-2 Real-Time Business Intelligence at Continental Airlines CASE STUDY II-3 Norfolk Southern Railway: The Business Intelligence Journey CASE STUDY II-4 Mining Data

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) - The History of Domestication

Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) was one of the first and earliest crops domesticated by humans. Currently, archaeological and genetic evidence indicates barley is a mosaic crop, developed from several populations in at least five regions: Mesopotamia, the northern and southern Levant, the Syrian desert and, 900–1,800 miles (1,500–3,000 kilometers) to the east, in the vast Tibetan Plateau. The earliest domestication was long thought to be that of southwest Asia during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A about 10,500 calendar years ago: but the mosaic status of barley has thrown a wrench into our understanding of this process. In the Fertile Crescent, barley is considered one of the classic eight founder crops. A Single Wild Progenitor Species The wild progenitor of all of the barleys is thought to be Hordeum spontaneum (L.), a winter-germinating species which is native to a very wide region of Eurasia, from the Tigris and Euphrates river system in Iraq to the western reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Based on evidence from Upper Paleolithic sites such as Ohalo II in Israel, wild barley was harvested for at least 10,000 years before it was domesticated. Today, barley is the fourth most important crop in the world after wheat, rice and maize. Barley as a whole is well-adapted to marginal and stress-prone environments, and a more reliable plant than wheat or rice in regions which are colder or higher in altitude. The Hulled and the Naked Wild barley has several characteristics useful to a wild plant that arent so useful to humans. There is a brittle rachis (the part that holds the seed to the plant) that breaks when the seeds are ripe, scattering them to the winds; and the seeds are arranged on the spike in a sparsely seeded two rows. The wild barley always has a tough hull protecting its seed; the hull-less form (called naked barley) is only found on domestic varieties. The domestic form has a non-brittle rachis and more seeds, arranged in  a six-rowed spike. Both hulled and naked seed forms are found in domesticated barley: during the Neolithic period, both forms were grown, but in the Near East, naked barley cultivation declined beginning in the Chalcolithic/Bronze Ages about 5000 years ago. Naked barleys, while easier to harvest and process, are more susceptible to insect attack and parasitic disease. Hulled barleys have higher yields; so within the Near East anyway, keeping the hull was a selected-for trait. Today hulled barleys dominate in the west, and naked barleys in the east. Because of the ease of processing, the naked form is used primarily as a whole-grain human food source. The hulled variety is used mainly for animal feed and the production of malt for brewing. In Europe, the production of barley beer dates at least as long ago as 600 B.C. Barley and DNA British archaeologist Glynis Jones and colleagues completed a phylogeographic analysis of barley in the northern fringes of Europe and in the Alpine region and found that cold adaptive gene mutations were identifiable in modern barley landraces. The adaptations included one type that was non-responsive to day length (that is, the flowering was not delayed until the plant got a certain number of hours of sunlight during the day): and that form is found in northeast Europe and high altitude locations. Alternatively, landraces in the Mediterranean region were predominantly responsive to day length. In central Europe, however, day length is not a trait which (apparently) had been selected for. Jones and colleagues were unwilling to rule out the actions of possible bottlenecks but suggested that temporary climate changes might have affected the selection of traits for various regions, delaying the spread of barley or speeding it, depending on the adaptability of the crop to the region. How Many Domestication Events!? Evidence exists for at least five different loci of domestication: at least three locations in the Fertile Crescent, one in the Syrian desert and one in the Tibetan Plateau. Jones and colleagues have reported additional evidence that in the region of the Fertile Crescent, there may have been up to four different domestication events of Asian wild barley. The differences within groups A-D are based on the presence of alleles which are differently adapted to day length; and the adaptive ability of barley to grow in a wide variety of locations. It could be that the combination of barley types from different regions created increased drought resistance and other beneficial attributes. U.S. botanist Ana Poets and colleagues identified a genome segment from the Syrian desert variety in Asian and Fertile Crescent barleys; and a segment in northern Mesopotamia in Western and Asian barleys. We do not know, said British archaeology Robin Allaby in an accompanying essay, how our ancestors produced such genetically diverse crops: but the study should kick off an interesting period towards a better understanding of the domestication processes in general. Evidence for barley beer making as early as Yangshao Neolithic (ca 5000 years ago) in China was reported in 2016; it seems most likely to have been from the Tibetan Plateau, but that has yet to be determined.   Sites Greece: Dikili TashIsrael: Ohalo IIIran: Ali Kosh, Chogha GolanIraq: JarmoJordan: Ain GhazalCyprus: Klimonas, Kissonerga-MylouthkiaPakistan: MehrgarhPalestine: JerichoSwitzerland: Arbon Bleiche 3Syria: Abu HureyraTurkey: Çatalhà ¶yà ¼kTurkmenistan: Jeitun Selected Sources Allaby, Robin G. Barley Domestication: The End of a Central Dogma? Genome Biology 16.1 (2015): 176. Dai, Fei, et al. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Mosaic Genomic Origins of Modern Cultivated Barley. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.37 (2014): 13403–08. Jones, G., et al. DNA Evidence for Multiple Introductions of Barley into Europe Following Dispersed Domestications in Western Asia. Antiquity 87.337 (2013): 701–13. Jones, Glynis, et al. Phylogeographic Analysis of Barley DNA as Evidence for the Spread of Neolithic Agriculture through Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.10 (2012): 3230–38.Mascher, Martin, et al. Genomic Analysis of 6,000-Year-Old Cultivated Grain Illuminates the Domestication History of Barley. Nature Genetics 48 (2016): 1089. Pankin, Artem, et al. Targeted Resequencing Reveals Genomic Signatures of Barley Domestication. New Phytologist 218.3 (2018): 1247–59. Pankin, Artem, and Maria von Korff. Co-Evolution of M ethods and Thoughts in Cereal Domestication Studies: A Tale of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare). Current Opinion in Plant Biology 36 (2017): 15–21. Poets, Ana M., et al. The Effects of Both Recent and Long-Term Selection and Genetic Drift Are Readily Evident in North American Barley Breeding Populations. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 6.3 (2016): 609–22.

Review of New Types of Relation Extraction Methods Free Essays

This is explained by the fact that patterns do not tend to uniquely identify the given relation. The systems which participated in MUCH and deal with relation extraction also rely on rich rules for identifying relations (Fought et al. 1 998; Gargling et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of New Types of Relation Extraction Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1998; Humphreys et al. 1998). Humphreys et al. 1998) mention that they tried to add only those rules which were (almost) certain never to generate errors in analysis; therefore, they had adopted a low recall and high precision approach. However, in this case, many relations may be missed due to the lack of unambiguous rules to extract them. To conclude, knowledge-based methods are not easily portable to other domains and involve too much manual labor. However, they can be used effectively if the main aim is to get results quickly in well-defined domains and document collections. 5 Supervised Methods Supervised methods rely on a training set where domain-specific examples eave been tagged. Such systems automatically learn extractors for relations by using machine-learning techniques. The main problem of using these methods is that the development of a suitably tagged corpus can take a lot of time and effort. On the other hand, these systems can be easily adapted to a different domain provided there is training data. There are different ways that extractors can be learnt in order to solve the problem of supervised relation extraction: kernel methods (Shoo and Grossman 2005; Bunches and Mooney 2006), logistic regression (Kamala 2004), augmented parsing (Miller et al. 2000), Conditional Random Fields CRY) (Calcutta et al. 2006). In RE in general and supervised RE in particular a lot of research was done for IS-A relations and extraction of taxonomies. Several resources were built based on collaboratively built Wisped (YOGA – (Issuance et al. 2007); Depended – (Rue et al. 2007); Freebase – (Blacker et al. 2008); Wicking (Instates et al. 2010)). In general, Wisped is becoming more and more popular as a source for RE. E. G. (Opponent and Strobe 2007; Unguent et al. AAA, b, c). Query logs are also considered a valuable source of information for RE and their analysis is even argued to give better results than other suggested methods in the field (Passes 2007, 2009). 5. 19 Weakly-supervised Methods Some supervised systems also use bootstrapping to make construction of the training data easier. These methods are also sometimes referred to as â€Å"huckleberries information extraction†. Bring (1998) describes the DIPPER (Dual Iterative Pattern Relation Expansion) method used for identifying authors of the books. It uses an initial small set of seeds or a set of hand- constructed extraction patterns to begin the training process. After the occurrences of needed information are found, they are further used for recognition of new patterns. Regardless of how promising bootstrapping can seem, error propagation becomes a serious problem: mistakes in extraction at the initial stages generate more mistakes at later stages and decrease the accuracy of the extraction process. For example, errors that expand to named entity recognition, e. G. Extracting incomplete proper names, result in choosing incorrect seeds for the next step of bootstrapping. Another problem that can occur is that of semantic drift. This happens when senses of the words are not taken into account and therefore each iteration results in a move from the original meaning. Some researchers (Korea and How 2010; Hove et al. 2009; Korea et al. 2008) have suggested ways to avoid this problem and enhance the performance of this method by using doubly- anchored patterns (which include both the class name and a class member) as well as graph structures. Such patterns have two anchor seed positions â€Å"{type} such as {seed} and *† and also one open position for the terms to be learnt, for example, pattern â€Å"Presidents such as Ford and {X}† can be used to learn names of the presidents. Graphs are used for storing information about patterns, found words and links to entities they helped to find. This data is further used for calculating popularity and productivity of the candidate words. This approach helps to enhance the accuracy of bootstrapping and to find high-quality information using only a few seeds. Korea (2012) employs a similar approach for the extraction Of cause-effect relations, where the pattern for bootstrapping has a form of â€Å"X and Y verb Z†, for example, and virus cause Human-based evaluation reports 89 % accuracy on 1500 examples. Self-supervised Systems Self-supervised systems go further in making the process of information extraction unsupervised. The Knolling Web II system (Edition et al. 2005), an example of a self-supervised system, learns â€Å"to label its own training examples using only a small set of domain-independent extraction patterns†. It uses a set of generic patterns to automatically instantiate relation-specific extraction rules and then learns domain-specific extraction rules and the whole process is repeated iteratively. The Intelligence in Wisped (IPP) project (Weld et al. 2008) is another example of a self-supervised system. It bootstraps from the Wisped corpus, exploiting the fact that each article corresponds to a primary object and that any articles contain infusions (brief tabular information about the article). This system is able to use Wisped infusions as a starting point for training 20 the classifiers for the page type. IPP trains extractors for the various attributes and they can later be used for extracting information from general Web pages. The disadvantage of IPP is that the amount of relations described in Wisped infusions is limited and so not all relations can be extracted using this method. . 1 Open Information Extraction Edition et al. (2008) introduced the notion of Open Information Extraction, which is opposed to Traditional Relation Extraction. Open information extraction is â€Å"a novel extraction paradigm that tackles an unbounded number of relations†. This method does not presuppose a predefined set of relations and is targeted at all relations that can be extracted. The Open Relation extraction approach is relatively a new one, so there is only a small amount of projects using it. Texturing (Bank and Edition 2008; Bank et al. 2007) is an example of such a system. A set of relinquishment’s lexicon-syntactic patterns is used to build a relation- independent extraction model. It was found that 95 % Of all relations in English can be described by only 8 general patterns, e. G. â€Å"El Verb E â€Å". The input of such a system is only a corpus and some relation-independent heuristics, relation names are not known in advance. Conditional Random Fields (CRY) are used to identify spans of tokens believed to indicate explicit mentions of relationships between entities and the whole problem of relation extraction is treated as a problem of sequence labeling. The set of linguistic features used in this system is similar to those used by other state of-the-art relation extraction systems and includes e. G. Part-of-speech tags, regular expressions for detection of capitalization and punctuation, context words. At this stage of development this system â€Å"is able to extract instances of the four most frequently observed relation types: Verb, Noun+Prep, Verb+Prep and Infinitive†. It has a number of limitations, which are however common to all RE systems: it extracts only explicitly expressed relations that are primarily word-based; relations should occur between entity names within the same sentence. Bank and Edition (2008) report a precision of 88. 3 % and a recall of 45. 2 Even though the system shows very good results the relations are not pacified and so there are difficulties in using them in some other systems. Output Of the system consists Of tepees stating there is some relation between two entities, but there is no generalization of these relations. Www and Weld (2010) combine the idea of Open Relation Extraction and the use of Wisped infusions and produce systems called Weepers and Weeps . Weepers improves Texturing dramatically but it is 30 times slower than Texturing. However, Weeps does not have this disadvantage and still shows an improved F-measure over Texturing between 1 5 % to 34 % on three corpora. Fader et al. 201 1) identify several flaws in previous works in Open Information Extraction: â€Å"the learned extractors ignore both â€Å"holistic† aspects of the relation phrase (e. G. , is it contiguous? ) as well as lexical aspects (e. G. , how many instances of this relation are there? )†. They target these problems by introducing syntactic constraints (e. G. , they require the relation phrase to match the POS tag 21 pattern) and lexical constraints. Their system Revere achieves an AUK which is 30 % better than WOE (Www and Weld 201 0) and Texturing (Bank and Denton 2008). Unshackles et al. (AAA) approach this problem from another angle. They try to mine for patterns expressing various relations and organism then in hierarchies. They explore binary relations between entities and employ frequent items mining (Augural et al. 1993; Syrians and Augural 1 996) to identify the most frequent patterns. Their work results in a resource called PATTY which contains 350. 69 pattern sunsets and substitution relations and achieves 84. 7 % accuracy. Unlike Revere (Fader et al. 201 1) which constrains patterns to verbs or verb phrases that end with prepositions, PATTY can learn arbitrary patterns. The authors employ so called syntactic- ontological-lexical patterns (SOL patterns). These patterns constitute a sequence of words, POS-tags, wildcats, and ontological types. For example, the pattern â€Å"persons [ads] voice * song† would match the strings my Heinousness soft voice in Rehab and Elvis Presley solid voice in his song All shook up. Their approach is based on collecting dependency paths from the sentences where two named entities are tagged (YACHT (Hoffa et al. 2011) is used as a database of all Ones). Then the textual pattern is extracted by finding the shortest paths connecting two entities. All of these patterns are transformed into SOL (abstraction of a textual pattern). Frequent items quinine is used for this: all textual patterns are decomposed into n-grams (n consecutive words). A SOL pattern contains only the n-grams that appear frequently in the corpus and the remaining word sequences are replaced by wildcats. The support set of the pattern is described as the set of pairs of entities that appear in the place Of the entity placeholders in all strings in the corpus that match the pattern. The patterns are connected in one sunset (so are considered synonymous) if their supporting sets coincide. The overlap of the supporting sets is also employed to identify substitution relations between various sunsets. . 2 Distant Learning Mint et al. (2009) introduce a new term â€Å"distant supervision†. The authors use a large semantic database Freebase containing 7,300 relations between 9 million named entities. For each pair of entities that appears in Freebase relation, they identify all sentences containing those entities in a large unlabeled corpus. At the next step textual features to train a relation classifier are extracted. Even though the 67,6 % of precision achieved using this method has room for improvement, it has inspired many researchers to further investigate in this direction. Currently there are a number of papers ring to enhance â€Å"distant learning† in several directions. Some researchers target the heuristics that are used to map the relations in the databases to the texts, for example, (Takeouts et al. 01 2) argue that improving matching helps to make data less noisy and therefore enhances the quality of relation extraction in general. Hay et al. (2010) propose using an undirected graphical model for relation extraction which employs â€Å"distant learning’ but enforces selection preferences. Ridded et al. (2010) reports 31 % error reduction compared to (Mint et al. 2009). 22 Another problem that has been addressed is language ambiguity (Hay et al. 01 1, 2012). Most methods cluster shallow or syntactic patterns of relation mentions, but consider only one possible sense per pattern. However, this assumption is often violated in reality. Hay et al. (201 1) uses generative probabilistic models, where both entity type constraints within a relation and features on the dependency path between entity mentions are exploited. This research is similar to DIRT (Line and Panatela 2001 ) which explores distributional similarity of dependency paths in order to discover different representations of the same semantic relation. However, Hay et al. (2011) employ another approach and apply IDA (Belie et al. 2003) with a slight modification: observations are relation tepees and not words. So as a result of this modification instead of representing semantically related words, the topic latent variable represents a relation type. The authors combine three models: Reel-LAD, Reel-LDAP and Type-LAD. In the third model the authors split the features of a duple into relation level features and entity level features. Relation level features include the dependency path, trigger, lexical and POS features; entity level features include the entity mention itself and its named entity tag. These models output clustering of observed relation tepees and their associated textual expressions. 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Conclusion Of An Inspector Calls Essay Example For Students

Conclusion Of An Inspector Calls Essay JB Priestleys Play of An Inspector Calls is about a family called the Birlings. They are spending a happy evening celebrating the engagement of Sheila Birling to Gerald Croft, a marriage that will result in the merging of two successful local businesses. In addition, just when everything seems to be going so well, they receive a surprise visit from an Inspector Goole who is investigating the suicide of a young girl. The questions he asks to each character are relating to the case, this reveals that they all have secrets that link them to the tragedy. The main core of the play is about the investigation of the Inspector into the death of Eva smith. Moreover, it is really a way of putting across the authors political thoughts. Priestley has put his own political message across and he has used the characters in the play to do this. Priestly has also used the Birling family and the investigation into their part in her downfall, to make it less like a straight forward political speech, and a way to engage the audience and win their empathy. The most distinguishable dramatic technique used is the way the characters show the authors way of thinking, in which they act. This can be seen through each member of the family, therefore each one has a special role representing to us, something that Priestley is trying to destroy. To embark on, the first character is the man of the house, Mr Arthur Birling. Mr Birling seems to be a rich, irritable, self-centred person. Birling is very much confident in himself; he feels that his success from his small business is due to the fact hes a hard-headed practical man of business. He is also confident that strikes and labour troubles would not be a problem in the future and refers to fears of war as silly little war scares. However, this play was first performed in 1946 after WW2, so Birlings predictions would have sounded pretty daft to the audience. As for the wider world, Birling thinks it is every man for himself, a man has to make his own way and look after the family. It is survival of the fittest. The other thing that is wrong with Birling is that he always thinks of himself first, and honestly believes that it is the only way to get through life. That makes it hard for him to understand other peoples opinions If we were all responsible for everything that happened to everybody wed ever had anything to do with, it would be very awkward, wouldnt it? Birling is obsessed with how things appear to people. His main concern is his public image is going to be affected. He does not want the story to come out publicly and ruin him for good.